A Secure Congestion Adaptive Routing with Load Balancing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18486/ijcsnt/1.3.012Keywords:
Ad Hoc Networks, Routing, Load Balance, Congestion Adaptive, Delay, Interference, Throughput, Wireless Networks, AODV, SLBCAR, DSRAbstract
The main issue in ad hoc network is congestion, which occurs with limited resources and leads to packet losses, transmission delays and bandwidth degradation and also wastes time and energy on congestion recovery. Another issue in such networks is security - since every node participates in the operation of the network equally, malicious nodes are difficult to detect. To study these issues, a scenario based simulation analysis of a congestion adaptive and secure routing protocol is done and is compared with traditional non-congestion-adaptive and non-secure routing protocol i.e. Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing. In this paper, a load balanced congestion adaptive routing algorithm along with security (SLBCAR) has been proposed in which two metrics: traffic load density and life time associated with a routing path, have been used to determine the congestion status and weakest node of the route and the route with low traffic load density and maximum life time is selected for packet transmission. To analyze the performance of the system as per the proposed algorithm, AODV has been modified and simulated using Qualnet 4.5 and then compared with original AODV and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing).
References
Xiaoqin Chen, Haley M. Jones and A. D. S. Jayalath, “Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” in *Proceedings of the IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference*, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2007, pp. 21–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2007.21
Y. Yi and S. Shakkottai, “Hop-by-hop congestion control over a wireless multi-hop network,” *Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM*, March 2004.
Xuyang Wang and Dmitri Perkins, “Cross-layer Hop-by-hop Congestion Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *IEEE*, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2008.432
Duc A. Tran and Harish Raghavendra, “Congestion Adaptive Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems*, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1294–1305, Nov. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2006.151
Y. J. Lee and G. F. Riley, “A workload-based adaptive load balancing technique for mobile ad hoc networks,” *Proceedings of WCNC*, vol. 4, pp. 2002–2007, Mar. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2005.1424826
T. G. Basavaraju, Subir Kumar Sarkar, C. Puttamadappa and M. A. Gautham, “ECARP: An Efficient Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications*, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITST.2006.289001
M. Gerla and S.-J. Lee, “Dynamic load-aware routing in ad hoc networks,” *Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2001*, Helsinki, Finland, June 2001, pp. 3206–3210.
C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, “Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing,” *Proceedings of IEEE WMCSA’99*, New Orleans, LA, USA, February 1999, pp. 90–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSA.1999.749281
D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, “Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,” in *Mobile Computing*, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, Chapter 5, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, pp. 153–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-29603-6_5
Yi Lu, Weichao Wang, Yuhui Zhong and Bharat Bhargava, “Study of Distance Vector Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *Proceedings of IEEE PerCom*, 2003.
B. Ramesh and D. Manjula, “CA-AODV: Congestion Adaptive AODV Routing Protocol for Streaming Video in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences*, vol. 4, pp. 285–385, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2008.14040
S. Santhosh Baboo and B. Narasimhan, “A Hop-by-Hop Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” *International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)*, vol. 3, no. 1, 2009.
V. Saigal, A. K. Nayak and S. K. Pradhan, “Load balanced routing in mobile ad hoc networks,” *Computer Communications*, vol. 27, pp. 295–305, Elsevier, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2003.09.002
A. Valarmathi and R. M. Chandrasekaran, “Congestion Aware and Adaptive Dynamic Source Routing Algorithm with Load-balancing in MANETs,” *International Journal of Computer Applications*, vol. 8, no. 5, October 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5120/1210-1734
Z. Bin, Z. Xiao-ping, X. Xian-sheng and C. Qian, “A Novel Adaptive Load Balancing Routing Algorithm in Ad Hoc Networks,” *Journal of Convergence Information Technology*, vol. 5, no. 5, July 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol5.issue5.8
M. G. Zapata and N. Asokan, “Securing Ad Hoc Routing Protocols,” *Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Wireless Security*, 2002, pp. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/570681.570682
M. G. Zapata, “Secure Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (SAODV) Routing,” *IETF Internet Draft*, September 2006, pp. 1–22.
Davide Cerri and Alessandro Ghioni, “Securing AODV: The A-SAODV Secure Routing Prototype,” *IEEE Communications Magazine*, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 120–125, February 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2008.4473093
Yuxia Lin, A. Hamed Mohsenian Rad, Vincent W. S. Wong and Joo-Han Song, “Experimental Comparisons between SAODV and AODV Routing Protocols,” *Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Wireless Multimedia Networking and Performance Modeling*, 2005, pp. 113–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1089737.1089757
QualNet Simulator 4.5, [www.scalable-networks.com](http://www.scalable-networks.com).
D. Chaum and E. van Heijst, “Group Signatures,” in *Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT ’91*, LNCS, vol. 576, Springer-Verlag, 1998, pp. 257–265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46416-6_22
Gouri Sankar Mishra, *A Novel Group Signature Scheme Without One Way Hash*, Thesis, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Orissa, India, 2010.
Constantin Popescu, “An Efficient ID-Based Group Signature Scheme.”
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Laxmi Shrivastava, G.S. Tomar, Sarita S. Bhadoria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
