Robust Invisible Watermarking Scheme Based on Random DFRFT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18486/ijcsnt/12.1.158Keywords:
Watermarking, Random discrete fractional Fourier transform, Multiple Parameter discrete fractional Fourier transformAbstract
The copyright for content protection and authentication are the two main important criterion of any digital image watermarking. Any watermarking scheme are four major requirements of security, higher imperceptibility, robustness, and large capacity. Focussing on the requirements this paper presents a novel image watermarking scheme using random discrete fractional fourier transform (RDFRFT) with multiple parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform (MPDFRFT). The system uses the RDFRFT to convert original image into fractional fourier domain and embed the watermark image in the original image using MPDFRFT. The MPDFRFT is used to enhance security of the watermarked image by setting multiple parameters as a key. The multiple-parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform (MPDFRFT) is N order DFRFT parameters, where N refers to the number of the input data points. The MPDFRFT posses to have all of the desired properties for fractional transforms. The MPDFRFT reduces to the DFRFT when all of its order parameters are having the same value whereas RDFRFT is kernel matrix with random DFT eigenvectors and eigenvalues. The RDFRFT has key feature that the phase and magnitude of its transform output are both random so this feature has been utilized for enhancing the security. The proposed scheme is implemented by subdividing the cover image and RDFRFT is applied on each subdivided image to transformed coefficients then MPDFRFT is applied on watermark image with different parameters for enhancing the robustness. Similarly, during watermark extraction process the reverse order of MPDFRFT and inverse of RDFRFT is applied for reconstruction of original images and watermark image. The robustness of the watermark image is examined under various attacks such as rotation, additive noise, cropping and filtering operations. The analyzed and simulation results validates that the embedding scheme has good performance of major watermarking parameters robustness and perceptibility.
References
R. Ni, Q. Ruan, Y. Zhao, Pinpoint authentication watermarking based on a chaotic system, Forensic Science International 179, 54–62, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.016
C. Deng, X. Gao, X. Li, D. Tao, Local histogram based geometric invariant image watermarking, Signal Processing 90, 3256–3264, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2010.05.032
O. Findik, I. Babaoglu, E. Ulker, A color image watermarking scheme based on hybrid classification method: particle swarm optimization and k-nearest neighbor algorithm, Optics Communications 283, 4916–4922, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.07.020
F. Huang, Z.H. Guan, A hybrid SVD-DCT watermarking method based on LPSNR, Pattern Recognition Letters 25, 1769–1775, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2004.07.003
J.C. Patra, J.E. Phua, C. Bornand, A novel DCT domain CRT-based watermarking scheme for image authentication surviving JPEG compression, Digital Signal Processing 20, 1597–1611, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2010.03.010
S.D. Lin, S.C. Shie, J.Y. Guo, Improving the robustness of DCT-based image watermarking against JPEG compression, Computer Stan- dards & Interfaces 32, 54–60, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2009.06.004
D. Kundur, D. Hatzinakos, Towards robust logo watermarking using multiresolution image fusion, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 6, 185–197, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2003.819747
W.H. Lin, Y.R. Wang, S.J. Horng, A wavelet-tree-based watermarking method using distance vector of binary cluster, Expert Systems with Applications 36, 9869–9878, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.02.036
H.M. Al-Otum, N.A. Samara, A robust blind color image watermarking based on wavelet tree bit host difference selection, Signal Processing 90, 2498–2512, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2010.02.017
Lagzian S, Soryani M, Fathy M. A new robust watermarking scheme based on RDWT–SVD. IJIIP Int J Intell Inform Process, 2(1): 22–9, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4156/ijiip.vol2.issue1.3
Campisi P, Kundur D, Neri A. Robust digital watermarking in the ridgele domain. IEEE Signal Process Lett;11(10):826–30, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2004.835463
E. Ganic, A.M. Eskicioglu, Robust embedding of visual watermarks using DWT-SVD, Journal of Electronic Imaging 14 (4) 043004, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2137650
A.A. Mohammad, A. Alhaj, S. Shaltaf, An improved SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership, Signal Processing 88, 2158–2180, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2008.02.015
C.C. Lai, An improved SVD-based watermarking scheme using human visual characteristics, Optics Communications 284, 938–944, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.10.047
N.K. Nishchal, Optical image watermarking using fractional Fourier transform, Journal of Optics 38 (1), 22–28, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-009-0003-z
D. Cui, Dual digital watermarking algorithm for image based on fractional Fourier transform, in: Proceedings of Second Pacific–Asia Conference on Web Mining and Web Based Applications, Wuhan, pp. 51–54, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WMWA.2009.60
M.A. Savelonas, S. Chountasis, Noise-resistant watermarking in the fractional Fourier domain utilizing moment-based image representation, Signal Processing 90, 2521–2528, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2010.02.021
D. Sharma, R. Saxena and N. Singh, “Robust watermarking against geometric attacks using Multiple parameter discrete fractional fourier transform and least significant bit”, International journal of security and its applications, vol. 8, no.5, pp. 439-456, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2014.8.5.38
S. C. Pei and W. L. Hsue, “The multiple-parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform,” IEEE Signal Process. Lette., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 329–332, Jun. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2006.871721
S. C. Pei and W. L. Hsue, “The random discrete fractional Fourier transform,” IEEE Signal Process. Lette., vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1015–1018, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2009.2027646
V. Namias, “The fractional order Fourier transform and its application to quantum mechanics”, IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 241–265,1980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/imamat/25.3.241
L. B. Almeida, “The fractional Fourier transform and time-frequency representations”, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 3084–3091, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/78.330368
A. Sahlin, H. M. Ozaktas and D. Mendlovic, “Optical implementation of the two-dimensional fractional Fourier transform with different orders in the two dimensions” Elsevier Optics Communication, vol. 120, issue 3-4, pp. 134-138,1995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(95)00438-E
C. Candan, M. A. Kutay and H. M. Ozaktas, “The discrete fractional Fourier transform”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Process., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1329–1337, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/78.839980
S. C. Pei and M. H. Yeh, “Improved discrete fractional Fourier transform,” Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 1047–1049,1997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.22.001047
S. C. Pei, M. H. Yeh, and C. C. Tseng, “Discrete fractional Fourier transform based on orthogonal projections,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 47, pp. 1335–1348, May 1999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/78.757221
B. W. Dickinson and K. Steiglitz, “Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the discrete Fourier transform”, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., vol. 30, no. 1, (1982), pp. 25–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1982.1163843
Z. Liu and S. Liu, “Randomization of the Fourier transform,” Opt. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 478–480, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.000478
Lai CC, Tsai CC. Digital image watermarking using discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 59(11), 3060–3, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2010.2066770
Rastegar S, Namazi F, Yaghmaie K, Aliabadian A. Hybrid watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and radon transform. Int J Electron Commun (AEU), 65(7):658–63, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2010.09.008
Lagzian S, Soryani M, Fathy M. Robust watermarking scheme based on RDWT–SVD: embedding data in all subbands. In: International symposium on artificial intelligence and signal processing (AISP). pp. 48–52, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/AISP.2011.5960985
Nasrin M. Makbol, Bee Ee Khoo, “Robust blind image watermarking scheme based on Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition” Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 67, pp.102– 112, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2012.06.008
Jin-ying Sun, JunLang, Chengqiang Miao, Nan Yang, Shenquan Wang, “A Digital Watermarking Algorithm based on Hyperchaos and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform”, 5th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP 2012), pp. 553-556, 2012
Jun Lang, Jin-ying Sun,Wen-fang Yang, “A Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on Discrete Fractional Fourier Transformation”, International Conference on Computer Science and Service System pp. 692-694, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSSS.2012.178
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Deepak Sharma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
